Speaker
Description
Abstrak. Ketagihan merupakan isu global yang memberi kesan mendalam terhadap kesejahteraan individu, keluarga, dan komuniti, termasuk aspek kesihatan mental, kestabilan ekonomi, dan hubungan sosial. Kajian ini bertujuan membincangkan faktor risiko dan punca ketagihan berasaskan kajian terkini (2020–2025) yang meliputi dimensi individu, persekitaran, dan sosioekonomi. Dapatan literatur menunjukkan bahawa faktor genetik, kesihatan mental, pengaruh rakan sebaya, tekanan ekonomi, serta disfungsi keluarga merupakan penyumbang utama kepada peningkatan kerentanan terhadap ketagihan. Dari segi punca, gabungan faktor biologi, psikologi, dan sosial mengubah sistem ganjaran otak, sekali gus mencetuskan mekanisme penyesuaian yang tidak sihat terhadap tekanan hidup. Artikel ini mengupas implikasi dapatan kepada amalan intervensi kerja sosial dengan memberi penekanan kepada tiga tahap iaitu pengesanan awal dan intervensi mikro bagi individu dan keluarga melalui penilaian menyeluruh, kaunseling, dan sokongan keluarga. Kedua ialah pencegahan berasaskan komuniti (mezzo) melalui program kesedaran, kumpulan sokongan, dan pendekatan rakan sebaya. Akhir sekali, intervensi makro melibatkan advokasi polisi, pengurangan stigma, dan pembangunan sistem sokongan masyarakat. Pemahaman menyeluruh tentang punca asas ketagihan membolehkan pekerja sosial merangka strategi intervensi yang bersepadu, seterusnya menyokong proses pemulihan, memperkukuh daya tahan, dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan komuniti.
Kata kunci: ketagihan, faktor risiko, punca, intervensi kerja sosial, pencegahan, pemulihan
Abstract Addiction is a global issue that profoundly affects the well-being of individuals, families, and communities, including aspects of mental health, economic stability, and social relationships. This study aims to discuss the risk factors and causes of addiction based on recent research (2020–2025), covering individual, environmental, and socioeconomic dimensions. Findings from the literature indicate that genetic factors, mental health conditions, peer influence, economic stress, and family dysfunction are the main contributors to increased vulnerability to addiction. In terms of causes, the combination of biological, psychological, and social factors alters the brain’s reward system, thereby triggering maladaptive coping mechanisms in response to life stressors. This article explores the implications of these findings for social work interventions with an emphasis on three levels which is early detection and micro-level interventions for individuals and families through comprehensive assessments, counselling, and family support. Secondly, community-based prevention (mezzo-level) through awareness programs, support groups, and peer approaches and lastly, macro-level interventions involving policy advocacy, stigma reduction, and the development of community support systems. A comprehensive understanding of the root causes of addiction enables social workers to design integrated intervention strategies that support recovery, strengthen resilience, and enhance community well-being.
Keywords: addiction, risk factors, causes, social work interventions, prevention, rehabilitation
